Fluorimetry Handwritten Notes
Download free handwritten notes on Fluorimetry covering topics like theory, singlet and triplet states, internal and external conversions, factors affecting fluorescence, quenching, instrumentation, and applications.
Keywords:
- Fluorimetry PDF notes
- Instrumental Methods of Analysis notes
- BPharmacy Semester 7 handwritten notes
- Fluorescence and quenching
- Fluorimetry instrumentation
- Fluorimetry applications in analytical chemistry
Fluorimetry: A Comprehensive Guide
Fluorimetry is an instrumental technique used to study the emission of light by a substance after it absorbs light or electromagnetic radiation. It is widely employed in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, and biochemistry to analyze compounds based on their fluorescence properties. Below is a detailed explanation of the key concepts covered in these handwritten notes.
1. Theory of Fluorimetry
Fluorimetry is based on the principle of fluorescence, where molecules absorb light at a specific wavelength (excitation) and emit light at a longer wavelength (emission). This process involves transitions between electronic energy states:
- Singlet State: The ground state of a molecule where all electrons are paired.
- Triplet State: An excited state where one electron is unpaired, leading to lower energy and longer-lived states.
- Doublet States: Rarely observed but involve unpaired electrons.
2. Internal and External Conversions
After excitation, molecules can undergo:
- Internal Conversion: Non-radiative transition within the same spin state.
- External Conversion: Energy transfer to the surroundings, often resulting in heat.
3. Factors Affecting Fluorescence
Several factors influence the intensity and characteristics of fluorescence:
- Temperature: Lower temperatures enhance fluorescence by reducing non-radiative decay.
- pH: Changes in pH can alter molecular structure and affect fluorescence.
- Solvent Polarity: Polar solvents may stabilize excited states differently, influencing emission wavelengths.
4. Quenching
Quenching refers to the reduction in fluorescence intensity due to interactions with other molecules or environmental factors. Common types include:
- Collisional Quenching: Occurs when excited molecules collide with quenchers.
- Static Quenching: Involves complex formation between the fluorophore and quencher.
5. Instrumentation
A typical fluorimeter consists of the following components:
- Light Source: Xenon or mercury lamps for excitation.
- Monochromators: To select specific excitation and emission wavelengths.
- Sample Holder: Cuvettes made of quartz or glass to hold the sample.
- Detector: Photomultiplier tubes or photodiodes to measure emitted light.
6. Applications
Fluorimetry finds applications in various fields:
- Pharmaceutical Analysis: Determination of drug concentrations and purity.
- Biochemistry: Study of biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes.
- Environmental Monitoring: Detection of pollutants and contaminants in water and air.
- Material Science: Characterization of fluorescent materials and dyes.
These handwritten notes provide a comprehensive overview of fluorimetry, making them ideal for BPharmacy Semester 7 students studying Instrumental Methods of Analysis.
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