Unit-5 Pharmaceutical Analysis Handwritten Notes: Conductometry, Potentiometry, and Polarography
Download these handwritten notes covering Unit-5 of Pharmaceutical Analysis, focusing on Conductometry, Potentiometry, and Polarography. These notes provide a simplified overview of the principles, instrumentation, and applications of these important analytical techniques.
Keywords: Pharmaceutical Analysis, Unit-5, Conductometry, Potentiometry, Polarography, Handwritten Notes, Conductivity Cell, Electrochemical Cell, Dropping Mercury Electrode, Reference Electrodes, Indicator Electrodes, Titrations, Ilkovic Equation, Applications, PDF Download, Study Material.
Decoding Electrochemical Techniques in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Unit-5 Handwritten Notes
Unit-5 of Pharmaceutical Analysis delves into the fascinating world of electrochemical techniques, offering valuable tools for quantitative analysis in the pharmaceutical field. These handwritten notes provide a concise and readily understandable summary of Conductometry, Potentiometry, and Polarography – three essential methods within this domain.
Conductometry: Measuring Conductivity for Analysis
Conductometry involves measuring the electrical conductivity of a solution. The conductivity is directly proportional to the concentration of ions present. The handwritten notes cover the following aspects of Conductometry:
- Introduction to Conductivity: Basic principles and factors affecting conductivity.
- Conductivity Cell: Construction and working of a conductivity cell.
- Conductometric Titrations: Principles, advantages, and applications in determining the endpoint of titrations.
- Applications: Use in determining water quality, salt content, and monitoring chemical reactions.
Potentiometry: Measuring Potential for Quantitative Analysis
Potentiometry involves measuring the potential difference between two electrodes to determine the concentration of an analyte. The notes cover:
- Electrochemical Cell: Construction and working of an electrochemical cell.
- Reference Electrodes: In-depth look at the construction and working of standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), silver chloride electrode (Ag/AgCl), and calomel electrode. These provide a stable reference potential.
- Indicator Electrodes: Examination of metal electrodes and glass electrodes, which respond to specific ions in the solution.
- Potentiometric Titrations: Methods to determine the endpoint of potentiometric titrations and applications in various analytical determinations.
- Applications: pH measurements, ion-selective electrode measurements, and redox titrations.
Polarography: Analysis Using Current-Voltage Relationships
Polarography is a voltammetric technique where the current is measured as a function of the applied potential. The notes explore:
- Principle of Polarography: Fundamentals of the current-voltage relationship in polarography.
- Ilkovic Equation: Understanding the Ilkovic equation, which relates the diffusion current to the concentration of the analyte.
- Dropping Mercury Electrode (DME): Construction and working of the DME, a common working electrode in polarography.
- Rotating Platinum Electrode (RPE): Explanation of the construction and working of the RPE, another type of working electrode.
- Applications: Quantitative determination of metal ions, organic compounds, and dissolved oxygen.
Benefits of Handwritten Notes:
These handwritten notes offer a simplified and accessible approach to understanding complex concepts. They are designed to complement textbook material and provide a valuable resource for exam preparation and quick revision.
Download these Unit-5 Pharmaceutical Analysis handwritten notes to gain a better understanding of Conductometry, Potentiometry, and Polarography and their applications in pharmaceutical analysis.
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