Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (Unit 3): Handwritten Notes
Download comprehensive handwritten notes for Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry, Unit 3. Covering important gastrointestinal agents and antimicrobials. These notes are perfect for pharmacy students preparing for exams or looking to deepen their understanding of the subject. Includes Acidifiers, Antacids, Cathartics,Ideal properties of antacids, combinations of antacids, Antimicrobials: Mechanism, classification and some important inorganic compounds. Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Notes / MCQs / PPT / PDF available.
Keywords: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry, Handwritten Notes, Unit 3, Gastrointestinal agents, Acidifiers, Antacids, Cathartics, Antimicrobials, Potassium permanganate, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide, Chlorinated lime, Iodine, Pharmacy Students, PDF Download
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry: Unit 3 - Exploring Gastrointestinal Agents and Antimicrobials
Unit 3 of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry focuses on two major categories of inorganic compounds used in medicine: those that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) system and those that possess antimicrobial properties. A thorough understanding of these compounds is crucial for pharmacists in dispensing and counseling patients.
Gastrointestinal Agents:
This section covers a range of inorganic compounds used to treat various GI disorders. The goal is to understand how these compounds work to relieve symptoms and promote GI health.
- Acidifiers: These agents are used to increase the acidity of the stomach.
- Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl): Historically used as a systemic acidifier, but its use is now limited due to potential toxicity.
- Dilute Hydrochloric Acid (Dil. HCl): Occasionally used to treat achlorhydria (lack of stomach acid).
- Antacids: These agents neutralize stomach acid, providing relief from heartburn and indigestion.
- Ideal Properties of Antacids: The ideal antacid should be non-toxic, non-absorbable, provide rapid and sustained relief, not cause systemic alkalosis, and not interfere with digestion.
- Combinations of Antacids: Often, antacids are combined to balance their side effects. For example, aluminum hydroxide (which can cause constipation) is often combined with magnesium hydroxide (which can cause diarrhea).
- Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3): A fast-acting antacid that can lead to systemic alkalosis with overuse.
- Aluminum Hydroxide Gel (Al(OH)3): A slow-acting antacid that can cause constipation. It also binds phosphate in the gut, which can be useful in treating hyperphosphatemia.
- Magnesium Hydroxide Mixture (Mg(OH)2): A relatively fast-acting antacid that can cause diarrhea.
- Cathartics: These agents promote bowel movements and are used to treat constipation.
- Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4 - Epsom Salt): An osmotic cathartic that draws water into the intestines, increasing bowel motility.
- Sodium Orthophosphate (Na3PO4): Another osmotic cathartic that works similarly to magnesium sulfate.
- Kaolin and Bentonite: Adsorbent cathartics that bind toxins and bacteria in the gut, providing relief from diarrhea.
Antimicrobials:
Inorganic compounds have a long history of use as antimicrobial agents. This section examines their mechanisms of action and specific applications.
- Mechanism of Action: Antimicrobial inorganic compounds typically work by oxidizing microbial components, disrupting cell membranes, or interfering with metabolic processes.
- Classification: Antimicrobials can be classified based on their chemical structure or their spectrum of activity (e.g., broad-spectrum vs. narrow-spectrum).
- Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4): A strong oxidizing agent used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.
- Boric Acid (H3BO3): A mild antiseptic and antifungal agent, often used in eyewashes and skin preparations.
- Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2): A versatile antiseptic that releases oxygen, killing anaerobic bacteria.
- Chlorinated Lime (Calcium Hypochlorite - Ca(OCl)2): A powerful disinfectant used to sanitize water and surfaces.
- Iodine (I2) and its Preparations: Iodine is a potent antiseptic that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. Preparations include tincture of iodine (iodine in alcohol) and povidone-iodine (iodine complexed with a polymer).
By studying Unit 3, you will gain a solid understanding of the inorganic compounds used to treat GI disorders and combat microbial infections. The handwritten notes provide a valuable resource for learning about the mechanisms of action, uses, and potential side effects of these important agents.
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