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Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (Unit 5): Handwritten Notes

Download comprehensive handwritten notes for Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry, Unit 5. Covering radioactivity, properties of radiation, half-life, radioisotopes, and radiopharmaceuticals. These notes are perfect for pharmacy students preparing for exams or looking to deepen their understanding of the subject. Includes Measurement of radioactivity, Properties of α, β, γ radiations, Half life, radio isotopes and study of radio isotopes - Sodium iodide I131, Storage conditions, precautions & pharmaceutical application of radioactive substances. Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Notes / MCQs / PPT / PDF available.

Keywords: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry, Handwritten Notes, Unit 5, Radiopharmaceuticals, Radioactivity, Alpha Radiation, Beta Radiation, Gamma Radiation, Half Life, Radioisotopes, Sodium Iodide I131, Storage Precautions, Pharmaceutical Applications, Pharmacy Students, PDF Download

Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry: Unit 5 - Understanding Radiopharmaceuticals and Radioactivity

Unit 5 of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry focuses on radiopharmaceuticals, which are radioactive compounds used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in medicine. This unit delves into the fundamentals of radioactivity, the properties of different types of radiation, and the specific characteristics and applications of key radioisotopes. An understanding of radiopharmaceuticals is becoming increasingly important in modern pharmacy practice.

Radioactivity:

This section covers the basic principles of radioactivity, which is the spontaneous emission of particles or energy from unstable atomic nuclei.

• Measurement of Radioactivity: Radioactivity is measured in units like Becquerel (Bq) and Curie (Ci), which quantify the rate of radioactive decay. Different instruments, such as Geiger-Müller counters and scintillation counters, are used to detect and measure radiation.
• Properties of α, β, γ Radiations: Understanding the properties of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation is essential for safe handling and use of radiopharmaceuticals.
  • Alpha (α) Radiation: Consists of helium nuclei (2 protons and 2 neutrons). It has a short range and low penetrating power, so it can be stopped by a sheet of paper or skin. However, it is highly damaging if ingested or inhaled.
  • Beta (β) Radiation: Consists of electrons or positrons. It has a longer range and greater penetrating power than alpha radiation, but can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum.
  • Gamma (γ) Radiation: Consists of high-energy photons. It has the longest range and greatest penetrating power and requires thick lead or concrete shielding.
• Half-Life (T1/2): The half-life is the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. Each radioisotope has a characteristic half-life, which can range from fractions of a second to billions of years. Half-life is important in determining the suitability of a radioisotope for a particular pharmaceutical application.

Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals:

This section covers the production, properties, and pharmaceutical applications of specific radioisotopes.

• Study of Radioisotopes - Sodium Iodide I-131 (NaI131): Sodium iodide I-131 is a radioisotope of iodine that emits beta and gamma radiation. It is primarily used for:
  • Diagnosis: Imaging the thyroid gland to detect abnormalities like nodules or tumors.
  • Therapy: Treating hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and thyroid cancer. The I-131 is selectively taken up by thyroid cells, where the emitted radiation destroys the tissue.
• Storage Conditions: Radiopharmaceuticals must be stored in designated areas with appropriate shielding to protect personnel from radiation exposure. Storage areas should be clearly labeled with radiation warning signs.
• Precautions: Handling radiopharmaceuticals requires strict adherence to safety protocols to minimize radiation exposure. These precautions include:
  • Using shielding: Lead aprons, gloves, and shields are used to absorb radiation.
  • Minimizing time: Exposure time should be kept as short as possible.
  • Maximizing distance: The distance from the source of radiation should be maximized.
  • Using proper handling techniques: Radiopharmaceuticals should be handled with forceps or remote handling devices to minimize direct contact.
• Pharmaceutical Applications of Radioactive Substances: Radiopharmaceuticals are used in a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, including:
  • Diagnostic imaging: Detecting tumors, infections, and other abnormalities in various organs and tissues. Examples include bone scans, heart scans, and brain scans.
  • Therapy: Treating cancer, hyperthyroidism, and other diseases. Examples include radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid cancer and strontium-89 therapy for bone pain.
  • Research: Studying physiological processes and drug distribution in the body.

By studying Unit 5, you'll gain a comprehensive understanding of radiopharmaceuticals, including the principles of radioactivity, the properties of different types of radiation, and the safe and effective use of radioisotopes in medicine. The handwritten notes provide a valuable resource for mastering these concepts and understanding the essential role of radiopharmaceuticals in modern pharmacy practice.

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