Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (Unit 4): Handwritten Notes
Download comprehensive handwritten notes for Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry, Unit 4. Covering miscellaneous compounds including expectorants, emetics, hematinics, poisons, antidotes, and astringents. These notes are perfect for pharmacy students preparing for exams or looking to deepen their understanding of the subject. Includes Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride, Copper sulphate, Sodium potassium tartarate, Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous gluconate, Sodium thiosulphate, Activated charcoal, Sodium nitrite, Zinc Sulphate, Potash Alum. Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Notes / MCQs / PPT / PDF available.
Keywords: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry, Handwritten Notes, Unit 4, Expectorants, Emetics, Haematinics, Poison, Antidote, Astringents, Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride, Copper sulphate, Sodium potassium tartarate, Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous gluconate, Sodium thiosulphate, Activated charcoal, Sodium nitrite, Zinc Sulphate, Potash Alum, Pharmacy Students, PDF Download
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry: Unit 4 - Exploring Miscellaneous Compounds in Medicine
Unit 4 of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry encompasses a variety of inorganic compounds that fall under the category of "miscellaneous" due to their diverse therapeutic applications. This unit focuses on expectorants, emetics, hematinics, antidotes (and treatments for poisoning), and astringents. Understanding the uses and mechanisms of these compounds is crucial for pharmacists.
Expectorants:
Expectorants are used to help loosen mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up. They are primarily used to treat coughs associated with respiratory infections.
- Potassium Iodide (KI): Potassium iodide stimulates the production of thinner mucus in the airways, promoting expectoration. It is also used as a thyroid-blocking agent in radiation emergencies.
- Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl): Acts as an expectorant by irritating the bronchial mucosa, which stimulates the production of more fluid. (Note: its use as an acidifier is less common now due to potential toxicity).
Emetics:
Emetics are substances that induce vomiting. Their use is now limited primarily to emergency situations involving certain types of poisoning, and they should only be administered under medical supervision.
- Copper Sulfate (CuSO4): Acts as a direct irritant to the stomach lining, stimulating the vomiting center in the brain.
- Sodium Potassium Tartarate (Rochelle Salt): This salt has been used as a mild saline cathartic and, in larger doses, as an emetic. Its emetic use is less common today.
Haematinics:
Haematinics are used to treat iron-deficiency anemia by providing the body with iron, which is essential for the production of hemoglobin.
- Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4): A common and inexpensive form of iron supplement. It is well-absorbed but can cause gastrointestinal side effects like nausea and constipation.
- Ferrous Gluconate (C12H22FeO14): Another form of iron supplement, often considered gentler on the stomach than ferrous sulfate, but it contains less elemental iron per dose.
Poisons and Antidotes:
This section covers inorganic compounds used as antidotes to specific poisons. A thorough knowledge of toxicology and antidotes is essential for pharmacists in emergency situations.
- Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3): Used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. It converts cyanide to thiocyanate, a less toxic substance that is excreted by the kidneys.
- Activated Charcoal (C): A universal antidote that adsorbs many poisons in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing their absorption into the bloodstream. It is most effective when administered shortly after ingestion of the poison.
- Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2): Used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning. It converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which binds to cyanide more readily than hemoglobin, preventing cyanide from interfering with cellular respiration.
Astringents:
Astringents are substances that cause the contraction of tissues, reducing inflammation and secretions. They are used topically to treat minor skin irritations and inflammation.
- Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4): Used topically as an astringent and antiseptic. It can also be used orally as a zinc supplement.
- Potash Alum (KAl(SO4)2): Used as an astringent to reduce bleeding from minor cuts and abrasions. It can also be used in mouthwashes and gargles.
By studying Unit 4, you'll learn about a wide range of inorganic compounds with diverse therapeutic applications, including their uses as expectorants, emetics, hematinics, antidotes, and astringents. The handwritten notes provide a valuable resource for understanding the properties and uses of these important compounds.
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