Medicinal Chemistry 2: Hand Written Notes
Keywords: Download PDF, Notes, PPT, Medicinal Chemistry, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents, Local Anesthetics, Thyroid Hormones, Anti-Thyroid Drugs, Steroids, Coagulants, Anticoagulants, Oral Contraceptives, Antiarrhythmic Drugs, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Congestive Heart Failure, Antihistaminic, HMG Co-A Reductase Inhibitors, H2-Antagonists, Antihypertensive Agents, Diuretics, Anticancer Agents, Corticosteroids, Histamine Receptors, Neurochemistry, Vasodilators, Anti-Hypertensive Agents, Gastric Proton Pump Inhibitors, Steroidal Compounds, Sex Hormones, Antidiabetic Agents, Antineoplastic Agents
This document contains detailed hand-written notes on various topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2, including classification, synthesis, mechanisms of action, and uses of different drugs.
Medicinal Chemistry 2: Hand Written Notes
Q.1 (a) Define and classify oral hypoglycemic agents. 06
Oral hypoglycemic agents are drugs used to lower blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. They are classified into several categories, including sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors.
(b) Explain the SAR of local anesthetic agents. 05
The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of local anesthetic agents involves the presence of a lipophilic aromatic ring, an intermediate ester or amide linkage, and a hydrophilic amine group. The lipophilic part enhances penetration into nerve tissues, while the hydrophilic part is essential for binding to the sodium channel.
(c) Give detail note on thyroid hormones and write a note on anti-thyroid drugs. 05
Thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are essential for regulating metabolism, growth, and development. Anti-thyroid drugs, such as propylthiouracil and methimazole, inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormones and are used to treat hyperthyroidism.
Q.2 (a) Write a note on nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids. 06
Steroids are characterized by a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. The nomenclature of steroids is based on the parent hydrocarbon and the position of functional groups. Stereochemistry is crucial due to the presence of multiple chiral centers, which influence biological activity.
(b) Discuss coagulants and anticoagulants. 05
Coagulants, such as vitamin K and fibrinogen, promote blood clotting, while anticoagulants, such as heparin and warfarin, prevent clot formation. They are used to manage bleeding disorders and thromboembolic conditions, respectively.
(c) Give detail note on oral contraceptives. 05
Oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and progestin, which inhibit ovulation, alter cervical mucus, and modify the endometrium to prevent pregnancy. They are highly effective when used correctly.
Q.3 (a) Define and classify Antiarrhythmic drugs. Explain mode of action in each class. 06
Antiarrhythmic drugs are classified into four classes based on their mechanism of action: Class I (sodium channel blockers), Class II (beta-blockers), Class III (potassium channel blockers), and Class IV (calcium channel blockers). Each class targets specific ion channels to restore normal heart rhythm.
(b) Write a note on proton pump inhibitors. 05
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as omeprazole and lansoprazole, inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme in gastric parietal cells, reducing acid secretion. They are used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers.
(c) Write a note on drugs used in congestive heart failure. 05
Drugs used in congestive heart failure include ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and digoxin. They improve cardiac output, reduce symptoms, and prolong survival by modulating neurohormonal activation and fluid balance.
Q.4 (a) Give structure and uses of (i) Diltiazem (ii) Verapamil (iii) Clofibrate 06
(i) Diltiazem: A calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension and angina. (ii) Verapamil: Another calcium channel blocker used for arrhythmias and hypertension. (iii) Clofibrate: A lipid-lowering agent used to treat hyperlipidemia.
(b) Explain types of diabetes and write a note on various insulin preparations. 05
Diabetes is classified into Type 1 (insulin-dependent) and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent). Insulin preparations include rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins, each with distinct onset and duration of action.
(c) Write a short note on ACE inhibitors. 05
ACE inhibitors, such as enalapril and lisinopril, inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II production and vasoconstriction. They are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy.
Q.5 (a) What are anti-histaminic? How they act? Classify them with examples. 06
Antihistaminics are drugs that block histamine receptors, primarily H1 and H2. H1-antagonists, such as diphenhydramine, are used for allergies, while H2-antagonists, such as ranitidine, reduce gastric acid secretion.
(b) Write a note on HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors. 05
HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors, or statins, lower cholesterol by inhibiting the enzyme HMG Co-A reductase. Examples include atorvastatin and simvastatin, which are used to manage hyperlipidemia and prevent cardiovascular diseases.
(c) Write a note on H2-antagonists. 05
H2-antagonists, such as cimetidine and famotidine, block histamine H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells, reducing acid secretion. They are used to treat peptic ulcers and GERD.
Q. 6 (a) Define and Classify Antihypertensive agents with examples. 06
Antihypertensive agents are classified into diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Examples include hydrochlorothiazide, metoprolol, and losartan.
(b) Give Synthesis of (i) Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (ii) Furosemide 05
(i) Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is synthesized by reacting benzhydrol with dimethylaminoethyl chloride. (ii) Furosemide is synthesized by chlorosulfonation of anthranilic acid followed by amination.
(c) Write a note on potassium sparing diuretics and thiazide diuretics. 05
Potassium-sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone, prevent potassium loss, while thiazide diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide, promote sodium and water excretion. Both are used to treat hypertension and edema.
Q.7 (a) Write detail classification and short mechanism of action of anticancer agents 06
Anticancer agents are classified into alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, and hormonal agents. They act by inhibiting DNA synthesis, disrupting cell division, or inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.
(b) Give Synthesis of (i) Cimetidine (ii) Tolbutamide 05
(i) Cimetidine is synthesized by reacting 4-chloromethylimidazole with methylthioethylamine. (ii) Tolbutamide is synthesized by reacting p-toluenesulfonamide with butyl isocyanate.
(c) Write short note on corticosteroids.
Corticosteroids, such as prednisone and dexamethasone, have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They are used to treat autoimmune diseases, allergies, and inflammatory conditions.
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